Pontreilley marrey boayrd mooarheeragh yn Antarctagh liorish raunteeyn

(ennym bunneydagh: Seals map bathymetry of the Antarctic continental shelf)

Geophysical Research Letters 2010; 37, screeuyn 21601; eddyr-lhieen

DOI: 10.1029/2010GL044921

Laurie Padman, Daniel P. Costa, S. Thompson Bolmer, Michael E. Goebel, Luis A. Huckstadt, Adrian Jenkins, Birgitte I. McDonald as Deborah R. Shoosmith

Choud’s ta fys aym, cha nel yn art bunneydagh ry-lhaih mannagh vel entreilys ayd da’n earishlioar hene. Ta cur-magh naight Baarle ry-akin ec New Scientist.

Giare-chummey

Ta bea-oayllee ec Ollooscoill Chalifornia Santa Cruz jannoo ymmyd jeh raunteeyn myr greieyn towshanagh dys jalloo caslyssyn-çheerey jeh grunt ny marrey mygeayrt yn Antarctagh.

Ta sleityn as glionnyn fo-ushtey bentyn rish strooghyn marrey, as ta shen bentyn rish rio er eaghtyr yn ushtey. Son y chooid smoo, t'ad jannoo caslyssyn jeh liorish mactullaghey; ta diunid ny keayin ry-howse rere y tammylt er son sheean goll veih'n lhong dys y grunt as erash. Agh cha nod oo jannoo shen mygeayrt yn Arctagh, son y chooid smoo, er coontey'n rio çhiu ta lhiettal lhongyn.

Ghleiy ad pontreilleyderyn lectraneagh er king raunteeyn elefant as goaill tastey jeu gleashaghey 'sy cheayn Bellingshausen eddyr 2005-9. Va fys ec ny h-oayllee hannah dy vel raunteeyn thummey dys grunt ny marrey mysh jeih thummaghyn as feed 'sy cheead, er bun studeyrys s'leaie ayns ardjyn share er towse. Eisht scrutee ad thummey s'diuney ny raunteeyn 'syn ard gyn towse, dys jannoo cummey jeh ym-linney yn ard. Hooar ad magh dy vel ammyryn 'syn ard ny s'diuney ny row ad jerkal, mysh 600m er diunid. Ta lheid ny h-ammyryn gymmyrkey ushtey çhiow, as myr shen, foddee dy vel laue oc ayns lheie tappee y boayrd rioee ayns 2008.

Dooyrt Daniel Costa, fer jeh'n skimmee: "Ta rauenteeyn slanjeant da'n chooish. T'ad goll dys buill nagh jagh peiagh erbee rieau; as cha nel feme oc er kishtey pooar."

"She saase neugheyr as lajer eh," dooyrt Paul Holland, ny chiaddeyder marrey y British Antarctic Survey gyn laue 'sy studeyrys.

Far-chohaaghey sollys ayns kesh er bun Ranaspumin-2

(ennym bunneydagh: Artificial Photosynthesis in Ranaspumin-2 Based Foam)

Nano Letters 5 Mee ny Boaldyn 2010; eddyr-lhieen dy leah (cha nel fys ayn foast er yn ym-lioar as duillagyn)

DOI: 10.1021/nl100550k

David Wendell Jacob Todd as Carlo Montemagno

Biomedical Engineering Department, Engineering Research Center, 2901 Woodside Drive, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221

Choud’s ta fys aym, cha nel yn art bunneydagh ry-lhaih mannagh vel entreilys ayd da’n earishlioar hene. Ta cur-magh naight Baarle ry-akin ec duillag yn Olloscoill.

Giare-chummey

Ta lossreeyn co-haaghey sollys er son ny femeyn bree oc; t'ad goaill stiagh soilshey ny greiney as daa-ocseed charboan, as jannoo ocsygien as shugyryn assdaue. Dy noddagh shin jannoo ymmyd jeh dys jannoo bree "glass" da deiney, veagh shen ny chooney mooar dooin. Ta oayllee ec Ollooscoill Chincinnati er ngeddyn saase shen y yannoo, foddee. Ren ad ymmyd jeh far-stoo kirpey jeant ass ensymeyn lossreeyn, bacteyryn, rannagyn as fungyssyn, as eshyn ny hoie er kesh.

Reih ad kesh er dy fa dy vel eh co-ghlooghey ny h-ym-obbreeghyn dy mie, agh t'eh lhiggey da aer as soilshey çheet stiagh dy aashagh myrgeddin. Va'n kiaddey rere idd cheshey rannag lieh-ghrianchryssagh, y rannag Túngura (Engystomops pustulosus). Ta'n rannag shoh jannoo kesh feer 'oddey beayn dys jannoo edd da ny rannagyn aegey eck choud's t'ad gaase.

Ymmyd as vondeishyn

Dooyrt Wendell: "Ta vondeish ec y chorys ain er coryssyn lossreeyn as algaghyn. T'eh orroo ram bree y cheau er obbraghyn elley, dys tannaghtyn bio as geddyn sliught. Fodmayd jannoo shugyr ass ooilley bree ny greiney ta goit ain. Chammah's shen, cha nel feme ain er thalloo mie da'n chesh, myr shen, cha bee eh brishey stiagh er troarey."

Ta vondeish elley bentyn rish co-ghlooghey daa-ocseed charboan. Dooyrt Wendell: "Ayns coryssyn lossreeyn dooghyssagh, ta rouyr daa-ocseed charboan dooney co-haaghey sollys, agh ta'n corys ain er bun bacteyragh. Myr shen, foddee eh goll er ayns çhymbyllaghtyn as ram daa-ocseed charboan ayndaue, myr sampleyr, smoghan stashoon lectraghys geayil."

Ta ymmodee vondeishyn da croo kesh gollrish lus.

"Foddee oo jannoo ram stoo ass ny shugyryn, myr sampleyr, ethanol as bea-chonney elley," as Wendell. "As t'eh goaill daa-ocseed charboan ass yn aer, gyn anveaghey thalloo banejagh."

Dooyrt Dean Montemagno: "ta'n çhaghnoaylleeaght shoh taishbyney saase spaarailagh dy yannoo ymmyd jeh fyshoaylleeaght vioagyn, liorish croo sheeloghe noa dy stooghyn obbragh ta covestey obbraghyn bea 'syn troggal oc. Ta'n çhalee shoh taishbyney saase noa dy haglym bree ny greiney dys jannoo ooill ny bee, as shen ny s'fondagh na saaseyn bea-vree ny greiney elley. Er reayrtys s'lheaie, t'eh cur er bun saase dy ghoaill stiagh obbraghyn corysyn bioey ayns corysyn kiaddit as jeant ain."

Myr nah cheim, t'eh foue eab y yannoo dy yannoo y çhaghnoaylleeaght yn-jannoo da ymmydyn elley, myr sampleyr, taartyn carboan ec stashoonyn lectraghys geayil.

Saaseyn

Ta sleih er chur roish dy nodmayd jannoo conney jeh bea-chorpys myr feaysley bree yn-aanoaghey da leodaghey conney fossylagh.¹ Cha nel agh mysh 5% jeh çheet dy ve bree yn-ymmydey, er coontey caghliee vioyrid as obbraghyn femoil y chillag. ² Fodmayd jannoo ethanol ass shugyryn lossreeyn, as ass cuirtlagh villish, switchgrass as corn stover.^3-5 Agh veagh eh orrin thalloo as ushtey y chur daue ass y chooid jeorit ain.

Cha nel monney bree ry-gheddyn ass bea-ethanol,³ as myr shen t'ad credjal dy bee 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF) ny stoo ynnydagh mie: ta'n ghlooaght vree, poynt broiagh as neulheieys ayns ushtey echey ooilley ny smoo na adsyn t'ec ethanol. Chammah's shen, t'eh yn-jannoo ass carbey-hydraadyn bunneydagh, myr sampleyr glucose ny fructose, as adsyn ry-gheddyn ass bea-chorpys.⁵

Ta pabyr elley⁶ soilshaghey dy nodmayd jannoo bea-chohaaghey (biosynthesis) er kesh. Ren ad ATP (adenosine triphosphate) er kesh ass Tween-20 (ny sthoo ghlennee er son bea-chemmig) as bolganyn polymeragh, as ny h-ensymeyn BR synthase as ATP synthase ayndaue. Dod ad jannoo ATP liorish y taase shen.

'Sy phrowaltys shoh, ren ad ymmyd jeh proteen obbree-eaghtyr (surfactant) Ranaspumin-2. Shen jeant ec rannagyn Túngara dys troggal idd. T'eh lhiggey dooin kesh y yannoo ec co-ghlooghey beg, gyn boirey er far-chrackanyn killag; cha dod obbreeyn-eaghtyr laue-jeant shen y chooilleeney.

Ren ad bolganyn as BR/F₀F₁ATP synthase ayndaue. Bee adsyn co-haaghey ATP. Eisht, hug ad adsyn stiagh 'sy chesh, choud's ensymeyn femeoil y chorys Calvin-Benson-Bassham. Shen yn aawoalley ta jannoo shugyryn lesh ATP, ushtey as daa-ocseed charboan.

Liorish y taase shoh, ghow ad fondid çhyndaa kemmigagh smoo jeh 96%. T'ad credjal dy nod ad jannoo 34.5 thunney dy DMF 'sy hectare 'sy vlein; shen 10x ny smoo na troar bea-chorpys tradishoonagh. T'ad gra dy nod y kesh ve ny hoie er mullee thie, thalloo neueirinagh as nyn lheid. T'ad credjal dy beagh eh sauail ushtey; ta feanish ayn dy beagh troar ethanol ass bea-chorpys ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneyssit jannoo ymmyd jeh 800-4200 leetyr dy ushtey da dagh leetyr dy ethanol, as shen trooid eddyr-ghaalaghey (evapotranspiration) son y chooid smoo.⁷

1. Ward, D. A.; Keys, A. J. Photosynth. Res. (1989), 22, 167-171
2. Zhu, X.-G.; Long, S. P.; Ort, D. R. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. (2008), 19, 153-159
3. Lynd, L. R.; Cushman, J. H.; Nichols, R. J.; Wyman, C. E. Science (1991), 251 (4999) 1318-1323
4. Gordon, J. M.; Polle, J. E. W. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. (2007), 76, 969-975
5. Román-Leshkov, Y.; Barrett, C. J.; Liu, Z. Y.; Dumesic, J. A. Nat. Lett. (2007), 447, 982-986
6. Choi, H.-J.; Montemagno, C. Nanotechnology (2006), 17, 2198-2202
7. Dominguez-Faus, R.; Powers, S. E.; Burken, J. G.; Alvarez, P. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. (2009), 43 (9) 3005-3010

Aachuirrey-lhee ahjioogh jeant jeh stoo deiney

(ennym bunneydagh: Clinical transplantation of a tissue-engineered airway)

The Lancet 13 Mee ny Nollick 2008 372(8655): 2023-2030

Macchiarini, P a b c, Jungebluth, Pa, Go, Ta, Asnaghi, A d, Rees, L E h, Cogan, T A g, Dodson, A h, Martorell, J f, Bellini, S e, Parnigotto, P P e, Dickinson, S C g, Hollander, A P g, Mantero, S d, Conconi, M T e, as Birchall, M A h

a Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
b Fundaci Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
c CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
d Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
e Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
f Immunology, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
g Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
h Clinical Sciences at South Bristol, Faculty of Clinical Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

Choud’s ta fys aym, cha nel yn art bunneydagh ry-lhaih mannagh vel entreilys ayd da’n earishlioar hene. Ta giare-chummey Baarle ry-akin ec thelancet.com as art myechione ry-akin er duillag The Independent.

Giare-chummey

Coayl ahjioogh, she cragh eh. Ta sleih er n’eabbey ahjiooghyn noa y chur ayns ynnyd y fer caillt, agh va doilleeidyn tromey ayn. Son ahjioogh noa jeant jeh stoo kirp deiney, ta feme ayn er clowan chooie, as troyn obbrinagh kiartey eck, gyn antigenaght ("antigenicity" dy ghra myr shen, cha nel yn ahjioogh noa caulgaghey y corys coadey). V’eh foue clowan ahjiooghagh phiobanagh y yannoo liorish bea-yeshaghteyrys ("bio-engineering". Ren ad ymmyd jeh reillyn jeshaghteyrys stoo kirpey ("tissue engineering". V’eh orroo chammah yn saase shoh y scrutaghey son ymmyd er surransagh as keim jerrinagh çhingys ahjiooghagh urree.

Saase

Dys scapail jiooldey y chorys coadey, ren ad ymmyd jeh e killaghyn hene son yn olt aa-hoiaghey y yannoo. Va ahjioogh gheiney toyrtyssagh ny clowan daue. Ren ad scughey killaghyn as antigenyn MHC ass yn ahjioogh gheiney toyrtyssagh liorish ensymeyn as noi-vaaghyn. Hie ee er clanney dy jesh liorish killaghyn y surransagh hene: killaghyn epitheliagh ("epithelial cells", as chondrocytyen er nyn ngeddyn ass bun-chillaghyn mesenchymagh ("mesenchymal stem-cells" y turransagh hene. She ben 30-bleeaney d’eash ish, as cha nod ee tayrn ennal, er y fa dy row e scowan fillit liorish gorley shymley. Lurg shen, hug ad yn olt aa-hoiaghey shoh ayns ynnyd bronchys toshtal y ven hene.

Eiyrtys

Çhelleeragh, dobbree y ahjioogh noa. Ren eh foays da’n quallid-vea eck, as lurg 4 meeghyn, va cummey cadjin as troyn obbrinagh cadjin eck. Cha row noi-chorpeenyn erbee ec y turransagh, as cha dooar ee druggaghyn coadey-smaghtagh ("immunosuppressive drugs" erbee.

Resoonaght

Rere’n eiyrts shoh, t’eh jeeaghyn dy nodmayd jannoo ahjioogh chillagh jeh stoo deiney; dy vel troyn obbrinagh cadjin eck, myr shen, foddee eh gobbraghey dy cadjin; as nagh vel gaue jiooldey y chorys coadey eck. Rere’n chooish shoh, foddee, veagh killaghyn hene-aachuirrey ("autologous" dy ghra myr shen, goit jeh as currit erash da’n turransagh hene), marish bea-stoo cooie, nyn lheeys mie da surransee as çhingys trome orroo.

Feeaghyn

Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, Spain; Charles Courtenay-Cowlin Fund, University of Bristol; UK Arthritis Research Campaign; as y James Tudor Foundation.

2011: Art eiyrtyssagh

Ta obbyr eiyrtyssagh goll er jannoo foast er ny far-oltyn shoh. Er 9oo Mean Souree 2011, ren Macchiarini aachuirrey far-ahjioogh stiagh ayns dooinney. Ta scansh eddyr y ghaa chooish, er y fa nagh ren ad ymmyd jeh stoo kirp gheiney elley ‘sy chooish shoh. Hoshiaght, ren ad clowan nano-chovestagh polymeragh rere kiaddey Alexander Seifalian. Ta tuill veggey ass towse ayn, as myr shen foddee killagyn cummal as aase er. Ta’n clowan jeant jeh fainnaghyn beayn creoi ayns ynnyd ny fainnaghyn lunganeagh dooghyssagh, as stoo s’boggey eddyr oc dys lhiggey da’n ahjioogh lhoobey. V’eh jeant dy jeeragh rere cummey ahjioogh dooghyssagh y hurransagh, as kanghyr ahjiooghagh echeysyn. Cha row ahjioogh toyrtyssagh erbee ry-gheddyn as cha row saase lheeys elley faagit oc.

Ghow ad sampleyr dy vun-chillaghyn mesenchymagh ass y smuir craue echey daa laa roish yn obbyr. Ren Harvard Bioscience ymmyd jeh bea-‘rasseeagh dyn aase: ren ad y far-ahjioogh y wheeylaghey ‘sy vea-‘rasseeagh as deayrtey fliughid beaghee as ny bun-chillagyn harrish. Ren stroos giarrey queeyllee noi y ‘liughid cur er ny bun-chillagyn jannoo killagyn eaghtyragh ahjiooghagh jeu hene. Myr shen va eaghtyr mooie killagyn eaghtyragh ahjiooghagh urree. Roish my ren ad yn ‘ar-ahjioogh y chur stiagh ‘sy turransagh, ghow ad sampleyr dy chillagyn epitheliagh ass e ‘troin as cur ad er eaghtyr sthie ny h-ahjioogh. Bee ad aase as skeaylley magh dys coodey y lane eaghtyr sthie lesh killagyn epitheliagh, myr ahjioogh ghooghyssagh.

Er y fa dy vel yn ‘ar-ahjioogh jeant jeh stoo polymeragh as killagyn y hurransagh hene, cha nel gaue jiooldey y chorys coadey ayn, as cha nel feme echey er druggaghyn coadey-smaghtagh erbee.

Ta fys ry-gheddyn ‘sy Vaarle ny ‘sy Toolynish ec Karolinska Institutet.

Y vaarney cheintys as eddyr-obbraghey 'sy çhamyr scoill: rieughid ny so-loayrtys?

(ennym bunneydagh: The gender gap and classroom interactions: reality or rhetoric?)

British Journal of Sociology of Education 1999; 20(3):325-341

Younger M, Warrington M as Williams J

Choud’s ta fys aym, cha nel yn art bunneydagh ry-lhaih mannagh vel entreilys ayd da’n earishlioar hene.

Giare-chummey

Ta'n art shoh scrutaghey as cosoylaghey y vaarney cheintys ec GCSE ayns hoght ard-scoillyn Sostnagh. T'ad loayrt er y rieughid as caaynt t'ayn mychione eddyr-obbraghey 'sy çhamyr scoill, cur tastey er lheh da barelyn fir-ynsee, barelyn ynseyderyn 'sy nah vlein, as cooilleeinaghyn jeh eddyr-obbraghey ynseyder/fir-ynsee 'sy çhamyr scoill.

Ayns art ny s’leaie, (British Journal of Sociology of Education, 17(3)), va ny screeudeyryn feyshtey my row ny sloo cooney niartaghey currit ec sleih-ynsee da guillyn na da inneenyn, as cre va mooadys y vaarney. Nish t'ad jeeaghyn er y chooish reesht ayns traaghyn as çhymbyllaghtyn scoill neuchasley. Ta studeyrys rere'n taase lhean shen cur sannish da vel y chooid smoo jeh sleih-ynsee credjal dy vel ad cur y geill cheddin da inneenyn as guillyn, er lheh mychione cooney ynsee. Agh co-akinyn lesh ynseyderyn, as cooilleeiney 'sy çhamyr-scoill, t'ad cur bun er yn eie nagh vel shen jeant dy mennick ayns y chooid smoo jeh scoillyn. Ta kioneys ec guillyn ec kuse dy hraaghyn 'sy çhamyr-scoill, choud’s ta inneenyn goaill ny smoo commee ayns eddyr-obbraghey marish sleih-ynsee, as eshyn cur cooney da ynsaghey. Son cur laue rish goan-chooilleeney ghuillyn, bee orrin y clane y chur fo cliaghtaghyn eddyr-obbraghey myr shen. Lhisagh shin cur cooney da guillyn roshtyn saaseyn ynsee myr adsyn t’ec inneenyn as ad gynsaghey dy fondagh.

Rere ny cooilleeinaghyn jeant ain, ta sleih-ynsee stiurey guillyn ayns aght elley ny t'ad stiurey inneenyn. Eddyr-obbraghey ynseyder/sleih-ynsee cadjin, oghsanyn, ynseyderyn feyshtey sleih-ynsee dy jeeragh, ny freggyrt feyshtyn ny sleih-ynsee - ta kioneys y clane ec guillyn. Er lesh kuse dy sleih-ynsee, cha vel scansh eddyr yn aght t'ad stiurey inneenyn as guillyn, agh cha nel y feanish cur cooney daue. Ta ny smoo bun ec eie chadjin ynseyderyn dy vel ny smoo geill obballagh goll er cur da guillyn na da inneenyn.

My ta fa cairagh ayn ny dyn, cha nel shen baghtal; ta beggan feanish ayn ta gra dy vel slein-ynsee ny sloo surransagh da drogh-ymmyrkey guillyn na da drogh-ymmyrkey inneenyn (Lodge & Pickering, 1996). Agh er y fa dy vel sleih-ynsee fakin kuse dy ghuillyn dy ve nyn vorrane smoo ‘sy çhamyr-scoill, ta ny smoo streeu eddyr y ghaa. T’eh so-hoiggal dy vel sleih-ynsee cur ny smoo tastey da guillyn myr shen, myr eab dy freayll tastey ny guillyn as stiurey y clane vrastyl. Ny yei shen, ta’n ymmyrkey shoh bentyn rish reaghey, cha nel rish ynsaghey. Cha nel monney feanish dy vel sleih-ynsee cur ny smoo tastey da guillyn na da inneenyn mychione ynsaghey. Loayrt dy firrinagh, ta inneenyn jannoo ymmyd share jeh caaghyn dy chur feyshtyn da sleih-ynsee as soilshaghey cooishyn ynsee; ta kioneys ec inneenyn bentyn rish cooney ny sleih-ynsee, cha nel ec guillyn.

Artyn bentyn da'n chooish shoh:

Aukrust, V.G. Boys' and girls' conversational participation across four grade levels in Norwegian classrooms: taking the floor or being given the floor?. Gender and Education 2008 20(3): 237-252.

Markham, P. Sacrificial girls: a case study of the impact of streaming and setting on gender reform. British Educational Research Journal 2007 33(4): 459-478.

Lodge, C. as Pickering, J.Boys under-achievement: challenging some assumptions about boys. Pabyr currit da'n British Educational Research Association Conference, Lancaster, Mean Fouyir 1996.

Younger, M. as Warrington, M.Differential achievement of girls and boys at GCSE: some observations from the perspective of one school.British Journal of Sociology of Education 1996 17(3):299-314